What are the two program types that each nuclear utility must establish?

Nuclear utilities are required to establish specific programs to ensure both the security and well-being of their employees, as well as the safe operation of the facility. The two program types that must be established are the access authorization program and the fit for duty program.

The access authorization program is designed to control who has access to critical areas of the facility, ensuring that only individuals who meet certain criteria pertaining to security and reliability are allowed entry. This helps to protect the facility from unauthorized access and potential threats.

The fit for duty program is essential in ensuring that employees are physically and mentally capable of performing their jobs safely. This includes assessments to determine an employee's fitness to work, which helps to prevent incidents that could arise from impairment due to various factors, such as substance abuse or fatigue.

Establishing both of these programs helps to maintain a safe working environment and contributes to the overall safety and security of nuclear operations. The other options do not represent the combination of programs required by nuclear utilities, focusing instead on different aspects of employee management or safety that are not the mandatory pair recognized by regulatory standards.